Pete, I love your technical questions! It shows you are thinking about what I posted and forces me to go back and rethink what I said relative to your question(s). Your questions are certainly valid.
I assume the titanium shims are pretty thin, on the order of .010” to .020”? If so, then the shims are very thin relative to their area, and would not reduce total heat transfer significantly. Your experience seems to bear this out.
Yes, the Girodisc Titanium shims I purchased and tried were on the order of 0.020” – 0.030” thick. From their website, "The problem of brake fluid boiling is simply traced to heat transferring from the rotors and pads directly into the fluid through the caliper pistons. When brake fluid boils, it releases air that is normally part of the molecular structure of the fluid. This air is compressible of course, and the brake pedal goes to the floor instead of moving the caliper pistons. Production cars tend to suffer from this on track days more as they don't usually have the extensive cooling duct and exotic brake materials as true racing cars. True racing only brake calipers generally come with titanium caliper pistons for one reason. Titanium as a material, has low thermal conductivity. This means that it is very bad at transferring heat. Which is good if you are trying to keep your fluid cool.
The Girodisc solution to help prevent fluid boiling is to use a thin titanium shim placed between the pad back and the pistons, to keep the braking heat from transferring into the pistons and fluid. Here is a comparison of materials and their relative thermal conductivity ratings
Titanium 6AL-4V 6.7 W/mk
Steel 52 W/mk
Aluminum 130 W/mk
You can see that Titanium will transfer far less heat than steel and especially aluminum. For cars that are going to see hard or multiple track days, these shims are cheap protection from loosing the pedal due to boiling at the wrong time and making the day very expensive.
Water jet cut to exact size, no cutting, grinding, or swearing involved."
To your point, yes the shims were thin relative to the brake pad friction material (approx 0.47” thick which has a low K value as you correctly point out) and the steel backing plate (approx 0.120”), but the generated BTU’s still flow from the steel backing plate into the caliper pistons (thru conduction reduced somewhat by the low K Titanium shim) and to the caliper structure (thru radiation). Emissivity values for rotor steel (about 0.64) and Titanium shim (0.51 – 0.61) for typical rotor temperatures are about the same but vary due to the material surface finish. Assume radiation heat transfer is a push. So even though the shims are thin, they do provide a barrier to Q (heat flow) into the brake pistons. Note too that the small area which you reference for the shims, is numerically equal to the same area the unshimmed pistons would have contacting the steel backing plate. And my experience did NOT bear out the insignificance of the Titanium heat shield barrier. I did see evidence the generated braking heat was retained in the brake rotor (bluing steel) and thermal indications on the pad material. So even though the shims are relatively thin, they did appear to (as advertised) limit Q into the caliper pistons and caliper brake fluid.
Now onto the brake fluid question,
“And why wouldn’t you choose DoT 5.1 over DoT 4?”. Excellent question and I had to think about that one cause using DOT4 just rolled off the top of my head. See also
Best DOT 5.1 Brake Fluid of 2021: Reviews & Buying Guide (lastviews.com) As I am sure you know but for members not familiar with brake fluid, all automotive brake fluid used in North America (NA) is controlled by US Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMVSS) , Part 571, Standard No. 116; Motor vehicle brake fluids. Brake fluids sold to consumers in bottles/cans etc. or installed in cars sold in NA must conform to the technical specifications detailed in this Standard. The Standard is quite lengthy and covers all the different “types” of fluids which can be used, i.e. DOT3, DOT4, DOT5 and DOT5.1. These different types of fluids all have different requirements per the Standard. It is beyond the scope of this post to delineate the differences between all the different flavors so I will focus on the question fluids DOT4 and DOT5.1.
FMVSS 571.116S5.1.1 defines the term ERBP (Equilibrium Reflux Boiling Point) and gives minimum wet and dry boiling point standards which must be met to be classified in a given DOTx category. See table below. My key focus over the years of using brake fluid in race cars is the “wet” boiling point as this boiling point value is where the fluid properties go after installation and in-service use. Brake fluid is hygroscopic by nature (absorbs atmospheric water) and as the fluid ages in the vehicle system and absorbs water, its boiling point erodes to the minimum wet boiling point value. Thus always use a new unopened container of brake fluid when flushing or adding fluid to the system.
View attachment 64016
As you correctly opine, just fill your system with DOT5.1 fluid which offers the best boiling capacity of all the grades. You are right!
Understand FMVSS 571.116 dictates MIMIMUM standards the fluid manufacturer must meet to brand his fluid as DOTx. If he can economically blend a fluid which exceeds all the minimum DOTx requirements, he certainly can do so. And the highly reputable fluid manufacturers certainly do this. I have tabulated a few popular brake fluids (DOT4 and DOT5.1) indicating under which DOTx the fluid is sold, the dry/wet boiling points and cost per liter. Data is pulled from
https://www.pegasusautoracing.com/group.asp?GroupID=BRAKEFLUID
View attachment 64017
As is obvious, all of the selected DOT4 fluids exceed the DOT5.1 standards by a significant amount. In fact the Motul 5.1 fluid while exceeding all the required FMVSS 571.116 boiling point requirements falls way short of what you can get in a DOT4 fluid. The only advantage is the lower cost of the DOT5.1. I typically use the DOT4 Motul RBF600 which offers reasonable price for the highest wet boiling point fluid. I really liked the DOT4 ATE Super Blue Racing fluid (same as Type 200) which had a blue color to the fluid. Someone filed a complaint against this product because as a DOT4 fluid, it did not conform to FMVSS 571.116S5.1.14 Fluid Color and the product is no longer available here in NA. Only the ATE Type 200 (amber color per the Specification) is now available and is a strong candidate due to its properties vs. cost. Castrol SRF does carry a higher wet boiling point fluid at a +74% cost premium on which I choose to pass.
So, Pete that is why I would use one of the many economical DOT4 fluid candidates. Hope this helps and I have not bored our audience.